Kugwiritsa ntchito masitampu apamwamba kwambiri a 1050 mbale ya aluminiyamu
Chitsanzo: 1050 Mapepala a Aluminium
Kugwiritsa ntchito: Kupaka chakudya; Electronic kutentha conduction; Zokongoletsera zomangamanga; General industry
Kusintha mwamakonda: Customizable kukula / pamwamba mankhwala; Kusinthasintha kochepa kuyitanitsa kuchuluka
Chitsimikizo: ISO 9001/22000; FDA; FIKIRANI; RoHS; SGS (International Inspection Agency)
Makhalidwe Akuluakulu: Chiyero chachikulu; Zabwino ductility; Kutentha kwabwino kwambiri / conduction / magetsi; Wopepuka
Packaging Njira: Zosakaniza zotulutsa kunja popanda fumigated
Kugwiritsa ntchito masitampu apamwamba kwambiri a 1050 mbale ya aluminiyamu
1050 pepala la aluminiyamu ndi la 1000 mndandanda wazinthu zamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri wamafakitale wa aluminiyamu, yokhala ndi aluminiyumu yoposa 99.5. Ubwino wake waukulu umaphatikizapo matenthedwe abwino kwambiri komanso magetsi, ultra-high ductility, ndi kumaliza pamwamba pamwamba. Lilibe alloying kulimbikitsa zinthu, ndi makina ake amawongoleredwa kokha kupyolera mu kuzizira ntchito ndi njira annealing. Ndi luso kupanga okhwima ndi mtengo controllable, imakonzedwa mosavuta kudzera mukupindika, kukakamiza, ndi anodizing, kuzipangitsa kukhala zoyenera pazogulitsa zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale.
Eco alum co., Ltd. ali mwapadera mu R&D, kupanga, ndi kutumiza kunja kwa dziko la 1050 mapepala a aluminiyamu kwa 12 zaka. Zogulitsa zathu zimatsata miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi monga ASTM, MU, ndi GB, ndipo amatumizidwa kunja kupitirira 50 mayiko ndi zigawo ku Europe, Amelika, Southeast Asia, ndi Middle East. Timafanana ndendende ndi zofunika m'magawo monga chakudya, zamagetsi matenthedwe madutsidwe, ndi kukongoletsa kamangidwe. Tsatanetsatane wazinthu zapakatikati zaperekedwa pansipa:
Ine. 1050 Aluminium Sheet Specification Data Table
Gome ili latsatanetsatane limafotokoza zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi zotumiza kunja, kuthandizira ma CC onse awiri (Kuponya Kopitiriza) ndi DC (Kuzizira Mwachindunji) kugubuduza ndondomeko customizations. Amasinthidwa kuti azidula okha, kukakamiza, ndi mayendedwe akutali kudutsa malire. Gulu lililonse limabwera ndi Satifiketi Yowunikira (COA) ndi malipoti a chipani chachitatu kuti awonetsetse kuti madera akutsatiridwa.
| Chinthu | Mtundu wa Parameter | Common Specifications | Tolerance Standard | Execution Standard | Ndemanga |
| Makulidwe | 0.2mm - 20 mm (CC: 0.2-4.5mm; DC: 4.5-20mm) | 0.5mm, 1.0mm, 1.5mm, 2.0mm, 3.0mm, 5.0mm, 8.0mm, 10mm | 0.2-3mm: $\pm 0.02$mm (Kulondola: $\pm 0.01$mm); 3-10mm: $\pm 0.05$mm; 10-20mm: $\pm 0.1$mm | Astm B209, MU 485, Gb / t 3880.1 | CC ili ndi ductility yabwino yopondaponda mozama; DC ili ndi mphamvu zapamwamba pazigawo zamapangidwe. |
| M'lifupi | 1000mm - 2000 mm (Customizable 300mm-900mm) | 1220mm, 1500mm, 1800mm, 2000mm | $\pm 1$mm (Kudula kwautali wokhazikika: $\pm 0.5$mm) | Astm B209, MU 485 | Yogwirizana ndi zida zakunja zakunja; yopapatiza m'lifupi kwa Chalk ang'onoang'ono. |
| Utali | 2000mm - 6000 mm (Kudula-kutalika kokhazikika kapena kozungulira) | 2440mm, 3000mm, 4000mm, 6000mm | $\pm 2$mm (Kudula kwautali wokhazikika: $\pm 1$mm) | Astm B209, MU 485 | Ma coils amagwirizana ndi mizere yopondaponda mosalekeza; kutalika kokhazikika kumachepetsa kutayika kwa zidutswa. |
| Kupsya mtima | O, H12, H14, H16, H18, H24 | O (Kukakamiza), H14 (Kuyika masitampu / Kukongoletsa), H18 (Malamulo), H24 (General Viwanda) | – | MU 485, Chithunzi cha ASTM B109 | O-kupsa mtima amalola $90^pafupi $ kupindika popanda kusweka; H24 imayang'anira mphamvu ndi magwiridwe antchito. |
| Pamtunda | Malizani kumaliza, Wowala, Zakudya Zopanda Mafuta / Zopanda Mafuta, Mafilimu a Blue, Passivation, Anodizing Pre-mankhwala | Filimu (Anti-scratch), Zakudya Zopanda Mafuta (Kupaka), Passivation (Anti-dzimbiri), Anodizing Pre-mankhwala | – | FDA 21 Wank 175.300, MU 16610 | Kanema amalepheretsa kukwapula kwamayendedwe; anodizing amatsimikizira mtundu yunifolomu kwa zokongoletsera. |
| Kufuta | $\ndi 0.5$mm/m (Kulondola: $\ndi 0.2$mm/m) | Obwera bwera: $\ndi 0.5$mm/m; Electronic-grade: $\ndi 0.2$mm/m | – | Chithunzi cha ASTM B499 | Imawonetsetsa kusasinthika kwa stamping ndikupewa kupotoza pokonza mwatsatanetsatane. |
| Kupaka | Tumizani Pallets zamatabwa zopanda Fumigation, filimu ya pepala limodzi, kulungatira chinyezi, alonda apakona, kukonza molunjika | 20GP: 25 matani; 40HQ: 50 matani; Max pallet kulemera $\ndi 4500$lbs ndi | – | ISTA 3A Standard | Kuyika koyima kumalepheretsa kupindika; chitetezo chamitundu yambiri pamayendedwe apanyanja ndi njanji. |
II. 1050 Aluminiyamu Mapepala Gulu & Parameters
Timagawa 1050 mapepala a aluminiyamu mu mitundu inayi kutengera ntchito, chidule, ndi kukonza kuyenera kukhathamiritsa magawo amakampani akunja:
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1050 Mapepala a Aluminiyamu Amagulu Azakudya
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Parameters: makulidwe 0.2-3.0mm; Elongation $\ge 35\%$ (O); Kusungunuka kwachitsulo cholemera $\ndi 0.05$mg/dm²; Ukali Ra $\ndi 0.8mu$m.
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Pamwamba: Zakudya zopanda mafuta / mchere wopanda mafuta; palibe kusiyana kwa mtundu wa oxidation; FDA imagwirizana.
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Kupsya mtima: O, H14.
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Kugwiritsa ntchito: Zophikira mapanelo, zotengera zitini, zakudya zotengera zakudya, mbale zophikira zapakhomo.
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1050 Electronic Thermal-Conductive Aluminium Sheet
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Parameters: makulidwe 0.5-5.0mm; Thermal conductivity $\ge 235$W /(M · K); Pinhole count $\ndi 1$/m²; Kufuta $\ndi 0.2$mm/m.
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Pamwamba: Mkulu-mwatsatanetsatane degreasing, chisangalalo; Ra $\lolani 0.5mu$m kwa kulumikiza kwa silicone yamafuta.
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Kupsya mtima: O, H16.
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Kugwiritsa ntchito: Heatsinks, Nyali za LED, mwatsatanetsatane zida conductive mapepala, EMI zishango.
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1050 Kukongoletsa Aluminiyamu Mapepala
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Parameters: makulidwe 1.0-5.0mm; Kusiyana kwamitundu $\Delta E 2.0$; Kufuta $\ndi 0.4$mm/m; Palibe kusweka panthawi yopindika.
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Pamwamba: Filimu ya buluu, anodizing pre-mankhwala, zokutira zoyambira; kuchuluka kwa filimu ya oxide $\ndi 10mu$m.
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Kupsya mtima: H14, H24.
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Kugwiritsa ntchito: Zomangamanga mapanelo, konza mipando, denga n'kupanga, mapanelo achiwonetsero, maziko a nameplate.
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1050 General Industrial Aluminium Sheet
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Parameters: makulidwe 3.0-20 mm; Kulimba kwamakokedwe $\ge 105$MPa (H24); Kuuma kwa HB $\ge 25$; Imathandizira kudula mwamakonda.
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Pamwamba: Malizani kumaliza, chisangalalo; optional m'mphepete chamfering; kulimbikitsa odana ndi dzimbiri.
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Kupsya mtima: H24, H26.
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Kugwiritsa ntchito: Zigawo zosinthira kutentha, mafakitale gaskets, kuwotcherera mbali, zida zipolopolo, mapanelo owongolera.
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Nazi Gawa 2, kukhudza Core Performance ndi Magawo Ogwiritsa Ntchito.
III. 1050 Aluminium Sheet Core Performance
1050 pepala la aluminiyamu limakhazikitsidwa ndi aluminiyumu yoyera kwambiri yokhala ndi zonyansa zoyendetsedwa bwino. Kupyolera mu annealing yeniyeni, imakwaniritsa mulingo woyenera wa ductility, matenthedwe madutsidwe, ndi processability.
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Gulu la katundu
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Chizindikiro cha Magwiridwe
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Mtengo Wapadera
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Test Standard
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Kufotokozera Kwabwino Kwantchito
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Chemical Properties
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Kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala (Chigawo Chachikulu)
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Al: ≥99.50%; Si≤0.25%; Fe≤0.40%; Ku≤0.05%; Mn≤0.05%; Mg≤0.05%; Zn≤0.05%; Zonyansa zina ≤0.03%, zonyansa zonse ≤0.50%
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Astm B209, Gb / t 3880.2
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Aluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri imatsimikizira kutenthedwa bwino kwamafuta ndi magetsi; zonyansa zochepa zimapewa kusweka komanso kusinthika kwa okosijeni, oyenera kukonza mwatsatanetsatane
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Kukaniza kwa Corrosion (Mayeso a Kupopera Mchere)
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≥72 maola opanda dzimbiri zoonekeratu (≥120 maola pambuyo passivation)
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Chithunzi cha ASTM B117
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Mwachilengedwe amapanga filimu ya okusayidi, kugonjetsedwa ndi dzimbiri m'malo owuma; oyenera malo chinyezi pang'ono pambuyo passivation, osati kwa malo owononga kwambiri
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Chitetezo cha Zakudya
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Pb<0.02mg / kg, Cd<0.01mg / kg, palibe heavy metal kusamuka, wopanda fungo
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FDA 21 Wank 175.300, Lamulo 1935/2004
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Mutha kulumikizana mwachindunji ndi chakudya chotentha komanso chozizira, zimagwirizana ndi zofunikira zapadziko lonse zapackage ya chakudya, palibe zotsalira zowononga zowonjezera
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Kutentha Kukana Kukhazikika
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Kutentha kwautumiki kwa nthawi yayitali: -20℃~100 ℃, kulolerana kwakanthawi kochepa ≤150 ℃, zosavuta kufewetsa pa kutentha kwambiri
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Chithunzi cha ASTM E794
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Oyenera kutentha kwapakati pazikhalidwe zogwirira ntchito, pewani zochitika zophika nthawi yayitali, abwino kwa m'nyumba komanso kutentha kwanthawi zonse kwa mafakitale
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Katundu wathupi
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Kuchulukana
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2.70g/cm³
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Chithunzi cha ASTM D792
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Zopepuka kuposa chitsulo, amachepetsa kulemera kwa mapeto, imathandizira mayendedwe ndi kusonkhana bwino, oyenera zosowa zopepuka
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Thermal Conductivity
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237W /(M · K) (Kutentha kwachipinda, Odende)
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Chithunzi cha ASTM D5470
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Matenthedwe madutsidwe amaposa kutali 3003 ndi 5052 ma entlos, gawo lapansi lokonda pakuwongolera kutentha kwamagetsi ndi zochitika zophikira
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Zochita zamagetsi
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≥55% IACS (Odende), ≥53% IACS (H18 kupsa mtima)
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Chithunzi cha ASTM B193
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Zochita zamagetsi zabwino, oyenera kutchingira ma electromagnetic komanso mawonekedwe owongolera zida, palibe kusokoneza maginito
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Kukalipa Pamwamba
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Malizani kumaliza: Ra≤1.0μm, Kumaliza kowala: Ra≤0.8μm, Mlingo wolondola: Ra≤0.5μm
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Chithunzi cha ASTM B499
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Pamwamba wosalala komanso wosalala, zosavuta kwa processing wotsatira monga lamination, odana, ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, kukulitsa kapangidwe kazinthu
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Mechanical Properties
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Kulimba kwamakokedwe
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Odende: 75-110MPa
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Chithunzi cha ASTM E8
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Mphamvu zochepa kuposa mapepala a aluminiyamu aloyi, koma ductility wapamwamba kwambiri; kupsya mtima kosiyanasiyana kumagwirizana ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana zochitira, O mkwiyo uli ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri
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H14 moyo: 105-145MPa
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H18 kupsa mtima: ≥135MPa
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H24 kupsa mtima: 105-145MPa
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Elongation (A50 mm)
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Odende: ≥35%
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Chithunzi cha ASTM E8
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Zabwino kwambiri ductility, wokhoza kupondaponda mozama ndi 90 ° kupinda popanda kusweka, mawonekedwe abwino kuposa mapepala ambiri a aluminiyamu
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H18 kupsa mtima: ≥1%
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Chithunzi cha ASTM E8
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Mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri, kwambiri yafupika ductility, zoyenera zothandizira zomangika popanda kupanga zofunikira
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Iv. 1050 Ma Aluminium Sheet Application Fields
1. Chakudya cha chakudya & Cookwanya
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Magawo a Cookware: Mapepala okwiya (0.5-3.0 mm) amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba, kuphika trays, ndi poto zamkati. Kutentha kwakukulu kumatsimikizira ntchito yophika. Pamwambapa pali zakudya zopanda mafuta, mogwirizana ndi FDA ndi EC 1935/2004 miyezo.
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Chakudya cha chakudya: Mapepala owonda (0.2- 1.5 mm) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko a zitini ndi zipolopolo zotengera. Ductility wabwino kwambiri amalola akalumikidzidwa zovuta popanda heavy metal kusamuka.
2. Zamagetsi & Zamagetsi
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Thermal Management: 0.5-5.0mm mapepala ogwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo za LED ndi ma heatsinks. The mkulu matenthedwe madutsidwe ($237$ W/m·K) mwamsanga dissipates kutentha. Chithandizo cha Passivation chimalepheretsa oxidation muzinthu zamagetsi.
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Magawo Oyendetsa: Mapepala olondola omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza EMI ndi mbale zoyendetsa zida. Ochepa pamwamba roughness (Ra $\lolani 0.5mu$m) zimatsimikizira $99.5\%$ kulumikizana kokwanira ndi mapepala otentha.
3. Zokongoletsera Zomangamanga
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Interior Panels: 1.0-5.0mm mapepala odula mipando, denga n'kupanga, ndi mapanelo khoma. Anodizing amapereka mitundu yofanana (siliva, Shampeni, ndi zina.).
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Kusayina & Zowonetsa: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mayina apamwamba komanso mafelemu owonetsera. Kanema wodzitchinjiriza amalepheretsa kukwapula pakuyika, kusunga mawonekedwe apamwamba.
4. General Industrial Applications
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Industrial Components: 3.0-20.0mm mapepala (H24 kupsa mtima) kwa zigawo zosinthira kutentha, gaskets, ndi welded zigawo zikuluzikulu. Amapereka mphamvu zochepa komanso zotsika mtengo.
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Zida Zipolopolo: Zosindikizidwa mosavuta muzovundikira zamakina ndi zigawo zowongolera. Pamwamba pake ndi oyenera kupaka utoto kapena kusindikiza pansalu ya silika kuti azitha kuzindikirika.
Ndikumvetsa. Ndimasulira magawo otsalawo—Mbiri Yakampani, Manyamulidwe, Kuyerekezera, ndi Case Studies-kuwonetsetsa kuti matebulo ndi tsatanetsatane waukadaulo wasungidwa mosamalitsa monga momwe zidalembedwera mu Chitchaina choyambirira.
V. Eco alum co., Ltd. Mbiri Yakampani
Eco alum co., Ltd. ndi bizinesi yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe ikuyang'ana kwambiri R&D, kupanga, ndi kutumiza padziko lonse lapansi mapepala a aluminiyamu apamwamba kwambiri. Ndi 12 zaka zakuchitikira mu 1050 gawo, timapereka malo opangira zakudya, opanga zamagetsi, ndi makampani omanga kudutsa 50+ mayiko.
Ubwino Wampikisano Wapakati:
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Zida zogwiritsira ntchito & Zida: Timagwiritsa ntchito zida za aluminiyamu zoyera kwambiri ($Al ge 99.7\%$), mosamalitsa kupewa zobwezerezedwanso zotayidwa zotayidwa. Malo athu ali ndi mizere yolondola yochokera kunja, otomatiki annealing ng'anjo (kulamulira $\pm 5^ circ$C), ndi 10 anodizing chisanadze mankhwala mizere. Kuthekera kwapachaka kwa 1050 mapepala ndi 40,000 matani.
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Quality Certification: ISO 9001, ISO 22000, FDA, FIKIRANI, RoHS, ndi SGS certified. Labu yathu imakhala ndi ma spectrometer (kulondola $0.01\%$), oyesa ma tensile, ndi zipinda zopopera mchere. Timasunga chilema pansipa $0.02\%$ ndikupereka COA pagulu lililonse.
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R&D & Kusintha mwamakonda: Gulu lathu laukadaulo la anthu 15 limatha kusintha kukula kwake, chidule, ndi mkwiyo. Timakhala ndi ma patent “Kudula Mwangwiro” ndi “Anodizing Uniformity Control,” kuthetsa zowawa pojambula mozama ndi kumaliza pamwamba.
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Green Production: Timabwezeretsanso $98\%$ zitsulo za aluminiyamu ndikugwiritsa ntchito kusungunula kwa carbon low. Zogulitsa zathu zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi ndikuthandizira makasitomala kuchita kafukufuku wokhazikika.
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Ntchito Zotumiza kunja: Thandizo la zinenero zambiri (Chingerezi, Chisipanishi, Chiarabu) imakhudza njira yonse kuyambira pakubweretsa zitsanzo mpaka zolemba zamakalata (CI, PL, CO, ndi zina.). Mtengo woyitanitsanso kasitomala wathu ukuposa $90\%$.
VI. Mayendedwe & Ubwino wa Logistics
Kuteteza mawonekedwe ofewa a 1050 aluminiyamu, timapereka ma phukusi apadera otumiza kunja ndi mayendedwe:
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Chitetezo Chokhazikika: “Phala lamatabwa lopanda fumigation + filimu imodzi yokha + kulungatira chinyezi + alonda apakona + kukonza molunjika.” Mapepala owonda ($<1.0$mm) kupeza matabwa olimba kumbuyo. Izi zimachepetsa mitengo yowonongeka kufika pansi $0.1\%$.
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Njira zamayendedwe: Mgwirizano wanthawi yayitali ndi MAERSK, COSCO, DHL, ndi FedEx. Timathandizira Nyanja (20GP/40HQ), Mpweya (72-ola kutumiza), ndi China-Europe Railway Express.
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Port Mwachangu: Ili pafupi ndi Tianjin, Qingdao, ndi madoko a Ningbo kuti mutsegule mwachangu. Timapereka “Khomo ndi Khomo” ntchito imodzi yokha, kusamalira mafayilo onse ovomerezeka pasadakhale.
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Flexible Kutumiza: Miyeso yokhazikika (0.5-3.0mm makulidwe) zimasungidwa mu stock 3-7 kutumiza tsiku. Maoda akuluakulu amathandizira kugawanika-kutumiza kuti achepetse ndalama za kasitomala.
VII. Kuyerekezera: 1050 vs. Zida zina za Aluminium
| Kufananiza Chinthu | 1050 Aluminiyamu | 1060 Aluminiyamu | 1100 Aluminiyamu | 3003 Aluminiyamu | 5052 Aluminiyamu |
| Mtundu wa Alloy | Kuyera Kwambiri ($Al ge 99.5\%$) | Kuyera Kwambiri Kwambiri ($Al ge 99.6\%$) | Food-Grade Pure Al ($Al ge 99.35\%$) | Al-Mn Aloyi | Al-Mg Aloyi |
| Core Strength | Mtengo wabwino kwambiri, zabwino kwambiri conductivity / ductility. | Pang'ono bwino madutsidwe kuposa 1050. | Kuthekera kwabwino kwa kujambula mozama. | Kukana kwa dzimbiri kwabwino & mphamvu yapakatikati. | Mphamvu yayikulu & kwambiri kukana madzi a m'nyanja. |
| Kulimba kwamakokedwe | 75-145 MPa | 78-150 MPa | 95-165 MPa | 80-220 MPa | 190-260 MPa |
| Thermal Cond. | 237 W /(M · K) | 239 W /(M · K) | 230 W /(M · K) | 201 W /(M · K) | 125 W /(M · K) |
| Mtengo mlingo | Pansi (Mtengo wothandiza) | Pakati pa Low (5-8% apamwamba) | Pansi (Zofanana ndi 1050) | Wapakati (15-20% apamwamba) | Wapamwamba (30-40% apamwamba) |
| Best Scenario | Zigawo zotentha, kuyika, zokongoletsera, gaskets. | Zamagetsi zolondola kwambiri, zingwe. | Zophika / zotengera zakuya zovuta. | Malo achinyezi, General hardware. | Zida zam'madzi, zida zamphamvu kwambiri. |
VIII. Maphunziro Othandiza
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Chikwama 1: SE Asia Cookware Manufacturer
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Chosowa: 2.0mamilimita O-kupsa mtima pepala kwa automated sitampu.
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Zotsatira: Kugwiritsa ntchito aluminiyamu yoyamba ($Al ge 99.6\%$), tinakwanitsa $38\%$ mlengalenga (kupitirira muyezo $35\%$). Mlingo wodutsa masitampu wafika $99.9\%$ popanda kusweka.
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Chikwama 2: European Electronics Heatsink Project
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Chosowa: 3.0mamilimita H16 pepala ndi flatness $\ndi 0.2$mm/m.
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Zotsatira: Kutentha kwapakati kumawonjezeka ndi $18\%$ poyerekeza ndi aloyi muyezo. Pamwamba Ra $\lolani 0.5mu$m zatsimikizika $99.5\%$ kukhudzana ndi thermal pad.
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Chikwama 3: American Interior Decor Firm
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Chosowa: 1.5mamilimita H14 pepala kwa mapanelo lalikulu.
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Zotsatira: Mtundu wofanana ( $\Delta E 1.5$) pambuyo pa anodizing. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pama hotelo apamwamba komanso ma projekiti am'misika.
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IX. Nthawi zambiri mafunso (Q&A)
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Chifukwa chiyani? 1050 za zamagetsi? Kuyera kwakukulu kumatsimikizira $237$ W /(M · K) matenthedwe ma conductivity ndi zabwino EMI kutchinga ndi zero maginito kusokoneza.
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Kugwiritsa ntchito panja? Osavomerezeka m'malo achinyezi/ acidic kunja (amakonda kuda). Gwiritsani ntchito 3003 kapena 5052 m'malo mwake.
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Kusintha mwamakonda & Moq? Timathandizira kudula kulikonse. MOQ yazomwe zimakhazikika ndi 2 matani; makonda amatchulidwe 5 matani (zokambitsirana kwa zibwenzi zazitali).
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Zitsimikizo? Timapereka COA, FDA, FIKIRANI, RoHS, ndi SGS malipoti ndi chilichonse chotumizidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti kasitomu saloledwa.
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Kusamalira Ma tempers osiyanasiyana? O: Zojambula zakuya/zophika. H14: Kuyika masitampu / zokongoletsera. H18: Zomangira mbale. H24: General mafakitale gaskets.
Za zitsanzo, mawu, kapena makonda zothetsera, chonde lemberani Eco alum co., Ltd. Oyang'anira athu adzayankha mkati 24 maola.
Kodi mungafune kuti ndipange template ya mawu kapena kalata yofunsira kutengera chidziwitsochi?
