Habka daaweynta daaweynta ee loo yaqaan 'aluminium'

Dusha sare ee ka hortagga

Si kasta oo loo isticmaalo habka loo isticmaalo in lagu farsameeyo agabyada aluminium iyo alaabada, Waxaa jiri doona wax wasakh ah oo cilado leh dusha sare ilaa heerar kala duwan, sida boodhka, oxibojiin bir ah (Filimaha dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah ama aluminium oxide ah ee lagu sameeyay heerkulka sare), saliid haraaga ah, calaamadaha asphalt, Sirta macmalka ah ee dhoobada (Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan waa asidaas dufan leh iyo nitrogenous

1. Oxalic acid adodizing

Inta badan qodobbada saameeya maadada 'sulluric acid acid' waxay sidoo kale khuseeyaan ausic acid acid, taas oo adeegsan karta tooska tooska ah, Kala beddelashada hada, ama u-beddel ah oo ku beddelaadda hadda jira oo toos ah. Isla xaaladahaas, Filimka lagu helo beddelka hadalka ee hadda jira waa mid jilicsan oo ka yar; Tooska tooska ah ee tooska ah ayaa u nugul u roon, Laakiin beddelashada hawada hadda jirta ayaa ka hortagi karta. Iyada oo la kordhiyo waxyaabaha la beddelayo ee ku saabsan waxyaabaha hadda jira, iska caabbinta qaddarka filimka ayaa kordha, Laakiin midabka ayaa sii dheer , Hantida midabaynta ayaa ka liidata tan filimka acid ee sulfuric acid. Uruurinta aashitada oxalic ee bilaashka ah ee elektrolyte waa 3%-10%, sida-guud 3%-5%. Intii lagu gudajiray geedi socodka, mid kasta a. HALKAN QARAXII 0.13-0.4G, halka mid walba a. h Waxaa jira 0.08-0.09g ee aluminium ku milmay elektrolyte si loo soo saaro aluminium oxaate, taas oo u baahan in la cuno 5 jeer qadarka oxalic acid. U fiirsashada aluminium ion ee xalka waxaa lagu xakameeyaa hoosta 20g / L, Oo markay ka kooban tahay 30g / l aluminium, Xalku wuu fashilmi doonaa. Oxlic acid electrolyte waa mid aad u xasaasi u ah chloride. Marka uu xanaaneeyo aluminium saafi ah ama aluminium alumito, Waxyaabaha ka kooban chloride waa inaysan ka badneyn 0.04-0.02G / L, si isugu xigaan. Xalka ayaa si wanaagsan loogu diyaariyey biyo saafi ah. Sida heerkulka loo kordhiyo elektrolyte, Filimku wuxuu noqdaa mid khafiif ah. Si loo helo filimaan qaro weyn, PH ee xalka waa in la soo qaado. Tooska Tooska ah ee Tooska ah ee loo yaqaan ', Jaantus ama bir aan argagax lahayn sida cathode, oo saamiga aaggeeda anosta ayaa udhaxeysa (1:2)-(1:1). Oxlic acid waa aashito daciif ah oo leh silsilado hoose. Marka aluminiumka loo qaddariyo, badeecada iyo elektaroonigga waa in la qaboojiyaa. Dhumucdii iyo midabka filimka oxalic acid ee oxalicku u kala duwan yahay iyadoo loo eegayo halabuurka 'aleosto'. Dhumucda Filimka ee aluminium saafiga ah waa midab huruud ah ama silvery cad, In kasta oo dhumucda filimka ee ally ay tahay mid qoto dheer sida jaalaha iyo naxaasta. Ka dib, Lakabka filimka ayaa la nadiifiyaa. Hadeysan dhicin, Waxaa lagu xiri karaa uumi leh cadaadis 3.43 × 10 4 PA Cadaadiska 30-60 daqiiqo.

2. Chromic acid acid

Habka loo yaqaan 'Chromic acid acid aashito lagu muujiyo shaxda-4. Falanqaynta feejignaanta waa in si joogto ah loo fuliyaa inta lagu gudajiro nidaamka oksidation, iyo koromada koricic waa in lagu daraa waqtiga. Qalabka cathode ee elektrolysis-ka ayaa noqon kara hoggaamiye, feerayn, bir bir ah, iyo saamiga aagga ugu fiican ee Anode to cathode waa (5:1)-(10:1). Markay jiraan ion-ka komishan oo badan oo xalka ah xalka, Waxaa loo xiri karaa ion chromium chromium-ka elektrolysis. Haddii nuxurka sulfate ee xalka ay ka badan tahay 0.5%, Saamaynta oxidation-ka anodic ma fiicna. Marka ion sulfate 'uu dheer yahay, Barium Hydroxide ama Baarium Carbonate-ka ayaa lagu dari karaa si loo sameeyo roobka roobka barium sulfate. Waxyaabaha ku jira chloride ee xalka waa inaysan ka badneyn 0.2g / l. Marka chromium-ka ku jira xalka ayaa ka sarreeya 70g / l, Xalka waa in lagu qasiyaa ama la beddelaa. Waxaa jira laba nooc oo ah habka loo yaqaan 'chromic acid', Habka loo yaqaan 'anodain' ee wareegga korantada korantada ama habka loo yaqaan 'goltwaska' (Habka aashitada ee chromic).

3. Adag (filim qaro weyn) Caano la'aanta

Caano adag ayaa ah hab hawlo ah oo lagu sameeyo filim qaro weyn oo adag oo ku yaal dusha sare ee aluminium iyo almunium allums. Dhumucda ugu badan ee filimka adag waxay gaari kartaa 250μm, Microhardnimada filimka lagu sameeyay aluminium saafiga ah waa 12000-15000mpa, iyo ally waa guud ahaan 4000-6000mpa, taas oo la mid ah tan oo kale ee chrome chrome, Oo waxay leeyihiin cadaanyo iska caabin ah. , Po Po Poly Filimka adag ayaa ku saabsan 20%, kaas oo ka hooseeya kan filimka asixiqu ee caadiga ah. Qaar ka mid ah hanaannada aqal-gallada adag ayaa lagu muujiyey Shaxda-7.
Shaxda-7 Habka Hantizinting

Maya. Heerkulka elektrolyte / shahaadada cufnaanta hada /(A / dm2) Bilow oo dhamaato korantada / dhamaadka volt / t '/ Miney Filimka Filimka / μm

Bilow korantada dhamaadka korantada

1 15% Sulfuric acid + 14- + 4.4 2-2.1 26 120 90 50
2 15% Acid acid, 4%NA2HC6H5H5H5H5 +60-+70 0.4-0.6 100 300 240 200
3 10% Sulfric acid + 10 250W / DM2 15-25 80 60 10-130
4 15% Acid Acid-1- + 4.5 2-2.5 25-30 40-60 60-240 28-150
5 10% Sulfric acid + 8- + 10 25 60 60 25-60
6 10%-15% Aashitada sulfuric -+4 5 Ac 10-12 60-70
DC 20-24 120-140
7 6%-8% Xaaladaha oxalic acid acid-ka oxydrate waxay ku kala duwan yihiin iyadoo kuxiran aloy-ka
8 6%-7% acid sulfuric acid + 3% -6% isku-darka dabiiciga ah + 4.5-+18+4.5-+18 1.3-2 10 150 40 65
9 10%-20% Sulfuric acid-6- + 10 30 280 160 115-150
10 10%-15% Sulfric acid + 8 4 20-25 60 60 55 -80
11 5.5% Acid Acid, 8% oxalic acid diihydrate +15-+25 3-6 45 90 100-250

4. Porceceel cirfiidka

Galaas anodizising aluminium iyo aluminium allums-ka aluminium waxaa lagu aflagaadeeyay cusbada titanium, cusbo zirconium ama milix milix ah oo ah oxalic acid, aashitada iyo aashitada baran, iyo hydroxide birta cusbada ee xalka waxay gashataa dhalada filimka okside, si dusha sare ee badeecada ay u muujiso daaweyn ay ku jirto opaque iyo cufnaanta dhalmada ama muuqaalka cagta u eg oo leh luster gaar ah. Habka loo yaqaan 'PorceCaiking' ee asaasidda 'varicillin' asal ahaan waa la mid ahaan sida kuwa aashitada aashitada ee caadiga ah. Farqiga u dhexeeya ayaa ah in anoodain prowain lagu sameeyo korantada dc sare (115-125V) iyo heerkulka xalka sare (50-60 darajo), oo elektaroonigga ahna inta badan waa la xiraa. , Inta badan waxay hagaajisaa qiimaha pH si ay uga dhigto tirada 1.6-2.

Daaweynta dheeh

Habka midabaynta kiimikada ayaa leh faa'iidooyinka hanaanka sahlan, xakamayn fudud, huweyn sare sare, Qiimaha jaban, Maalgashiga Qalabka Hoose, midab ballaaran oo midab leh iyo midab dhalaalaya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Alaabada agga-weyn ayaa u nugul midab aan sinnayn, Way fududahay in la dejiyo ka dib nadiifinta, Xadhiga aan habboonayn, ama waxyeelo farsamo. . Midabka kiimikada ee filimka aluminium ee aluminium wuxuu ku saleysan yahay awoodda lakabka filimka 'porous' si uu u nuugo xiidmaha sida fiilooyinka dharka. Sida-guud, dhexroorka filimka ee filimka loo yaqaan 'anoodired' waa 0.01-0.0.μm, iyo dheeha ayaa loo kala saaraa hal moleekule oo keliya oo biyo ah, oo dhexroor ah 0.0015-0.0030μm. Inta lagu gudajiro midabka, Dheehu waa kudhacayaa dusha sare ee poles-ka oo kaladuwan oo kaladuwan. Lakabka xuubka ayaa midabkiisu midabeysan yahay iyo dammaanad haynta hydrogen, iyo dheeha ayaa lagu hagaajiyaa tuubooyinka ka dib markii la xiro.

(1) Waxay ku dheehaneysaa dhalada dabiiciga ah

1. Xulasho
Dheere waxaa jira noocyo badan oo kala duwan oo dabiici ah , iyo qallajiyada waxaa loo xushay si waafaqsan adeegsiyada kala duwan iyo fasalada wax soo saarka. Tusaale ahaan, Dheecaanka VAT waxay qaali yihiin waxayna leeyihiin soonka midabka wanaagsan, Marka waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa sida dheecaanka ashyaa'da aluminium-ka sarreeya sida qalimaan dahabka ah, shumaca, iyo aalada maqalka sahasha; Qiyaasta alkolada lagu milato waxaa loo isticmaalaa caqabadda aluminium; Qulqulka saliida-saliida ayaa loo isticmaalaa daabacaadda aluminium foil. Kala diri karaa nitrocellosuse ka hor inta aan la isticmaalin waxaa loo isticmaali karaa jahwareerka sida bannaanka, vinyl ama polyamide poins, ama in loo yaqaan 'Malamine' iyo Resins Epoxy waxay ku milmaysaa dubista varnishs. Daabacaadda ka dib, Filim resin oo leh lines waxaa lagu sameeyaa dusha sare ee foil aluminium nadiif ah. Noocyada dheecaanka loo adeegsado caynnada alominium aluminium waxaa ka mid ah asiquo dyes, acid-ka adag, aashitada xasaasiyadda, Dheecaan toos ah, Dheecaan aashitada ee daciifka ah, kala firdhin ruushka, isku-darka vat vet, redction da ', Dharka aasaasiga ah, Khamriga-alkolada, Dheecaan saliida-saliida, iwm. .

2. Habka midabaynta dheecaanka dheeriga ah iyo xakameynta

(1) Dheecaanka Monochromat: Ka saar waxyaabaha aluminium-ka oo lagu maydhay xalka dheecaanka leh heerkul cayiman. Waqtiyada dheecaanku waxay kuxirantahay qoto dheer, Mugga musqusha dheeriga ah waxaa lagu xakamayn karaa saamiga 10 in mugga badeecada: 1.

(2) Dheecaanka midabka badan: Haddii laba ama in ka badan oo midabyo kala duwan lagu dhaco qaybaha aluminium, sida muuqaalka muuqaalka, ubaxyo iyo shimbiro, Hawlaha, cududaar, iwm., habka daabacaadda waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu dhammaystiro saxanka daabacan. werin) iyo nooca shaashadda, Habka daabacaadda tooska ah, Habka ka hortagga rinjiga, Qaabka Foom Dheeti, iwm. waa la isticmaali karaa. Dhaqanka guud ayaa ah in ka dib marka uu dhamaado midabka ugu horreeya, U adeegso qaab aad ugu daabacdo filim rinjiga difaaca ah oo ku saabsan qaybta u baahan in laga baxo midabka, oo ka saar midabka haray, iyo kan labaad, Midabada Saddexaad iyo midabada badan waxaa lagu goyn karaa isbarbardhiga. U fiirsashada dheehaca iyo xaaladaha habraaca ee kala duwan ee dabiiciga ah waxaa lagu muujiyey Shaxda-9.

Magaca midabka midabka leh ee uruurinta g / l heerkul 0c ph pom waqtiga min

Aludiw madow madow HBK 8-10 50-60 5.5-6 15-30
Madow mbk 8-10 50-55 5.0-5.5 5-10
Madow mrl 10-12 50-60 5.0-6.0 5-30
Madow bbk 10-12 50 -60 5.0-6.0 15-30
Madow dg 10 55-60 6.0-7.0 10-30
Madow wal 10-12 50-55 6.0-7.0 15-30
Madow mlw 8-12 50-60 4.2-4.8 5-30
Aludiye casaan weyn oo casaan ah a 2-5 50-60 5-5.5 5-10
Big Red D4Bs <25 55-60 6.0-7.0 5-10
Mb casaan dhalaalaya 0.5-5 50-55 5.5-6.0 5-15
Casaan b 2-5 55-60 5.5-6.0 5-15
Casaan d4b 2 55-60 5.5-6.0 5-10
Casaan sbr <3 50-55 5.0-6.0 5-10
Casaan frb 0.5-5 50-55 5.0-5.5 5-10
Casaan dhalaalaya 3b 1- 2 50-55 5.5-6.0 5-15
Guduudan 1-2 55-60 5.0-5.5 5-10
Mbes weyn oo guduudan 1-2 55-60 5.0-5.5 5-10
Red Rbl 2 55-60 4.5-5.0 5-15
Red Pbl 2 55-60 5.0-6.0 5-10
Casaan CFB 0.5-5 50-55 6.0-7.0 5-15
U fiirsashada sare ee FPR 0.5-5 50-55 5.0-6.0 5-15
U fiirsashada weyn ee weyn ee cas 0.5-5 50-55 6.0-7.0 5-10
Pink bn 0.5-5 50-55 6.0-7.0 5-15
Aludiyaha guduudan violet vb <2 50-55 5.5-6.0 5-10
Buluug mfbl <5 50-55 5.5-6.0 5-10
Guduud rvb <5 50-55 5.0-6.0 5-15
Buluug Mbb <5 50-55 5.0-6.0 5-15
Burgundy Bl 50-55 5.0-5.5 5-15
Aluyaasha brown brown brown brown brown brown <2 50-60 4.5-5.0 5-15
Bunni Cfa 0.5-2 55-60 4.5-5.5 5-15
Brown thm 0.5-5 55-60 5.0 -6.0 5-10
Bunni bm 0.5-5 55-60 5.5-6.0 5-15
Brown g 0.5-5 55-60 5.5-6.0 5-15
Bunni kbb 1-5 55-60 5.5-6.5 5-15
Casaan casaan ah 0.1-2 50-55 6.0-7.0 5-10
Jaale Brown brown 0.2-2 56-60 4.5-5.0 5-10
Albadye Green Green Bleln <2 50-55 5.0-5.5 5-15
RGS cagaaran 1-9 55-60 5.0-5.5 5-15
Cagaar 5Gm <2 50-55 5.0-6.0 5-15
Green M6B <2 50-60 5.5-6.0 5-15
Cagaaran <2 50-55 5.5-6.0 5-10
Cagaaran db 0.5-2 55-60 5.0-6.0 5-10
Green A3GM 2-5 55-60 6.0- 7.0 5-15
Aludye hurdi huruud ah oo jaalaha ah fd 0.5-5 50-55 5.0-5.5 5-10
Duulista jaalaha ah 0.2-5 50-60 5.0-5.5 5-10
Jaalle drl 0.5-2 55-60 6.0-6.5 5-10
Huruud gr 0.2-2 50-55 5.5-6.0 5-10
Jaalle dgl 0.2-2 50-55 6.0-7.0 5-10
Jaalaha 3RF 0.5-5 55-60 4.5-5.5 5-10
Jaale ybl 0.2-2 50-55 5.0 – 5.5 5-15 Jaalle
ritor 0.5-2 55-60 5.5-6.5 5-10
Jaale 2gl 1-2 50-55 5.5-6.0 5-15
GLLE JEALL <2 50-55 5.5-6.0 5-10
Jaalle madow oo dhalaalaya 1-2 50-55 6.0-7.0 5-10
Albadye Orange dahab D2Gl 0.1-2 55-60 6.0-7.0 5-15
Oranji gr 0.1-2 50-55 5.5-6.5 5-10
Dahab g 2 27-60 5.5-6.5 1- 10
Rinji SRL 2-5 50-55 5.5-6.5 1-10
Oranji <2 50-55 4.5-5.5 5-10
Orange GNS 0.5-5 50-55 5.5-6.0 5-10
Alubiyaye Blue Lake Blue AB 1-2 50-55 4.5-5.0 5-15
Buluug 2lw 0.5-2 55 5.5-6.0 5-15
Buluug GBL 1-2 50-55 4.5-5.5 5-15
Buluug 2Al 1-2 50-55 4.5 5-15
Navy buluug buluug ah NBL 1-2 55 5.8 5-15
Buluug turquoise gb 0.5-2 55-60 5.0-6.0 5-15
Aludiyaha cawlan mbl 0.5-2 55-60 6.0-7.0 5-10
Cawlan bll 0.5-1 50-55 6.0-7.0 5-10
Cawlan 2bl 0.1-1 55-60 5.0-6.0 5-10
Cawlan abl 0.5-10 55-60 6.0-6.5 5-20
Grey Gbl 0.5-2 55-60 5.5-6.0 5-10
Cirro va 0.5-1 50-55 5.0-5.5 5-10
Grey G2RC 1-10 55-60 5.0-6.0 5-15
Cawlan gr 1-10 50-55 5.0-5.5 5-15
GL GL 2-5 55-60 6.0-6.5 5-10
Aludye bronze bronze 2lw 2-5 55-60 4.0- 5.0 5-10