Ukususwa kwe-Aluminium Rust Industrial Aluminium & Ukuvikela isikhathi eside
Ukuqalisa: Ukugqwala esimboni se-aluminium? Ungavumeli ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwezezimali!
Emikhakheni efana nemishini yokukhiqiza, i-aerospace, imishini yamakhemikhali, nokuhamba kwesitimela, Ama-Aluminium Alloys asephenduke izinto ezibalulekile ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezingasindi futhi ezinamandla amakhulu. Nokho, ukushisa okunomswakama, isifutho sikasawoti, kanye ne-acid-alkaline media ezindaweni zezimboni zingalimaza kalula ifilimu ye-oxide yendabuko (5-10nye) Endaweni ye-aluminium, kwakha ukugqwala okukhululekile kwe-aluminium ikakhulukazi kwakhiwa i-alroo₃ · NH₂O ne-Alooh.
Izingozi zokugqwala kwe-aluminium zibi kakhulu kunalokho ongakucabanga: Akucaci nje kuphela amandla ashukumisayo wezakhi ngo 15%-30% Kepha futhi kungadala ukwehluleka okufana nokuvinjelwa kohlelo lwe-hydraulic nokungasebenzi kahle kokushisa, okuholela esitokisini sezemishini sokulungiswa kanye nezindleko ezikhuphukayo.
Le ndatshana isho 4 Izimboni Eziyisisekelo i-aluminium Ubuchwepheshe bokususa ukugqwala futhi 5 izixazululo zokuvimbela ukugqwala ukukusiza ukubhekana kahle nezinkinga zokugqwala ze-aluminium ezimweni ezihlukile futhi unwebe impilo yensiza yezinto zokwakha ze-aluminium ngaphezulu kwe 50%.
A.Industrial Aluminium Rust - Qonda izingozi kuqala, Bese ukhetha ikhambi elifanele
3 Izimbangela eziphambili zokugqwala kwe-aluminium zezimboni (Gwema lezi “Izicupho zokugqwala”)
Ukugqwala kwe-aluminium ezimweni zezimboni akubangelwa yinto eyodwa kepha ngokuhambisana kwezimo eziningi zemvelo. Ukugwema kusenesikhathi kunganciphisa ingozi yokuncipha ngo 80%:
- Ukugqwala kwe-Electrochemical: Ama-electrolyte afana ne-CL⁻ and So₄²⁻ Kumakhemikhali wemihlangano yamakhemikhali asheshisa ukusabela kwe-galvanic phakathi kwe-aluminium substrate kanye nefilimu ye-oxide. I-al ekhiqizwayo(H -H)₃ Ama-dehydrate ukwakha ukugqwala okukhululekile kwe-aluminium, Yikuphi imbangela enkulu yokugqwala ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo ze-aluminium emishini yamakhemikhali.
- Ukuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezelo (I-SCC): Ngezakhi ngaphansi kwengcindezi yeTensile (E.g., ama-blade enjini endiza, Imikhumbi Yengcindezelo), Ifilimu e-Oxide iphula ezindaweni zokuhlushwa kwengcindezelo, futhi i-aluminium substrate iyaqhubeka nokuvuselela, Ukwakha ukugqwala kwe-aluminium.
- I-oxidation ephezulu yokushisa: Okwezimboni zezimboni kanye nezinto ze-turbine ezisebenza ngenhla 200 ℃, Ifilimu ye-oxide yendabuko iba yi-multi-relhered. Ungqimba lwangaphandle usuka ngenxa yokwehluka kokunwebeka okushisayo, Futhi ungqimba lwangaphakathi lwakha ungqimba lwe-oxide lwe-porous oxide, okugcina kukhule kube ukugqwala kwe-aluminium.
Ukuhlukaniswa okuyingozi kwe-aluminial aluminium rust - yiziphi izinga imishini yakho iwela kuyo?
Amazinga ahlukene wokugqwala anemithelela emihle kakhulu emishini. Ukunquma ngokunembile izinga kubalulekile ekukhetheni ikhambi le-Treatory Treace:
| Ubulukhuni bokugqwala | Isilinganiso sokuvalwa kokugqwala | Umthelela ezindaweni ezisebenza ngemishini | Izingozi zemishini (Kumele uqaphele!) | Kunconywe ukwelashwa kwesikhathi |
| -Pholile | ≤10% | Ukunciphisa amandla ≤5% | Akukho ukwehluleka okuqondile, Kepha ukuqapha kuyadingeka | Phakathi 1 inyanga |
| -Ngeqile | 10%-30% | Ukunciphisa amandla 5%-15% | Ukwehluleka kwesivalo, ukuphambuka okunembe, okuthinta ukukhiqizwa | Phakathi 7 izinsuku |
| -Khulu | ≥30% | Ukunciphisa amandla ≥15% | Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo, Ukukhubazeka kwesistimu, Izingozi Zokuphepha Ezingaba khona | -Seduze |
B.4 Core Industrial Aluminium rust Remolologies - Khetha isidingo sokususwa kokugqwala okusebenzayo
Ukugaya okwenziwe ngomshini - “Isixazululo esisheshayo” Ukugqwala okuthambile-kuya kokulinganisela (Izindleko eziphansi, Ukusebenza okulula)
Izimo ezisebenzayo: Ukugqwala kwe-aluminium kuya ngokulingana (Ukumbozwa ≤20%) ezingxenyeni zemishini, Amapayipi Expressiors, njll., ilungele ikakhulukazi ukulungiswa kwesayithi.
Amaphuzu Ezobuchwepheshe (Kulula kunabaqalayo ukuyazi kahle):
- Ukukhetha amathuluzi: Khetha i-grinder engu-750-1500W angle, ifaniswe ne 80-120 mesh aluminium oxide amasondo (ngokugaya okunolaka ukuze ususe ukugqwala) futhi 320-400 amasondo e-mesh (ngokugaya okuhle nokulungisa).
- Amapharamitha asemqoka: Isivinini sokujikeleza ngo-1800-3000r / min, ukugaya angle 15-30 ° (Ukugwema ukuklabha i-substrate), Izilinganiso Zokuphakelayo 50-100mm / S.
- Izinyathelo Zokusebenza:
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- Ukwehlisa: Sebenzisa umoya ocindezelwe (0.6-0.8I-MPa) ukushaya uthuli. Uma ukungcoliswa kuka-oyili kudlula i-5mg / cm², cwilisa ku 5% Isixazululo se-na₂co₃ (60℃) ingomane 10 imizuzu ukuze unciphise.
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- Ukugaya ukugaya: -Yinhloko, yenza ukugaya okunamandla ukuze ususe ukugqwala okuqinile, Bese kugaya kahle ukugaya kuze kube yilapho ubulukhuni bufika bufika eRa ≤1.6μm.
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- Ukwelashwa ngemuva: Sebenzisa i-vacuum ukususa i-aluminium powder (Ukuhlushwa Uthuli ≤10mg / M³), futhi usule i-powder esele ngotshwala be-isopropyl.
Inkomba yezindleko: Cishe \(0.75-\)1.5 ngemitha yesikwele. Ayikho imishini yobuchwepheshe edingekayo, Ukwenza Kulungele Ukucutshungulwa Kwe-Batch Encane.
Ukususwa kweSandblasting - “Umbulali” Ukugqwala okukhulu (Ilungele ukulungiselela ukwakheka kwangaphambili)
Izimo ezisebenzayo: Ukugqwala okukhulu kwe-aluminium (ukumboza ≥30%) emathangini okugcina, Izakhi ezinkulu zesakhiwo, njll., noma ukwehlisa ukwenziwa ngaphambi kokuhlanganisa.
Amaphuzu Ezobuchwepheshe (Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu nge-automation):
- Ukukhetha okuvelayo: Sebenzisa isihlabathi sika-0.5-1.0mm Quartz (izindleko eziphansi) Ukususwa okuqinile kokugqwala, kanye 01-0.3mm Aluminium Oxide Sand (Ukugwema ukulimala) Ngezakhi zokunemba.
- Amapharamitha asemqoka: Ingcindezi yomoya ecindezelwe 0.5-0.8MPA, Ibanga leSandblasting 150-250mm, Spray Angle 45 °, Ijubane elishukumisayo 200-300mm / min.
- Okujwayelekile: Finyelela izinga le-SA2.5 (akukho ukugqwala okubonakalayo kwe-aluminium noma i-oxide scale, Izimbangi ezalelayo ≤5%), Umugqa we-Raving Racness RA 2.0-5.0μM (Ukwenza ngcono ukunamathela okunama-coating).
- Umhlahlandlela wokugwema kwe-Pityfall: Izimbobo ezihlanganisiwe ze-Seal. Ukwelashwa kokuvimbela ukugqwala kumele kuqedwe ngaphakathi 4 amahora ngemuva kwe-sandblasting (ukuvikela i-axidation kabusha).
Inkomba yezindleko: Cishe \(2.25-\)3.75 ngemitha yesikwele, Ilungele i-batch enkulu, Ukususwa Kokugqwala Okukhulu.
Ukususwa kwamakhemikhali - “Ukukhetha kahle” Ukusebenza kwe-batch (2 Izinhlobo: Acidic / chelating)
Izimo ezisebenzayo: Ukulungiswa kwe-batch kwezakhi ezincane (E.g., Ukushisa kwe-elekthronikhi kuyacwila, ama-fasteners) noma ukugqwala kwe-aluminium kuzikhala eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukususwa kokugqwala kwe-acidic acidic (Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, Izindleko eziphansi, Ilungele izakhi ezijwayelekile)
- Ifomula eyinhloko (Isilinganiso sevolumu): 10% Hlkwane + 0.5% thiudea (inhibi ukuvikela i-substrate) + 0.2% sodium dodecylbenzine sulfonate (ukuthuthukisa umphumela wokususwa kokugqwala).
- Inqubo inqubomgomo: Lokushisa 25-35 ℃, Isikhathi sokuntywi 20-40 imizuzu, Izinga lokukhulisa ≤0.5g /(m ²²²).
- Amaphuzu okulawula: Okwe-aluminium alloys equkethe >2% Cu, Khulisa okugxila kokuvimbela ku 0.8%. Hlola ukugxilisa kwe-Al³⁺ njalo 10 imizuzu; gcwalisa ngesisombululo esisha uma idlula i-15g/L.
b.2 Ukususwa kokugqwala kwe-Chelating (Ukugqwala Okuphansi, Ifanele i-Precision Components)
- Isistimu Yefomula: 8%-10% I-EDTA disodium + 3% i-disodium hydrogen phosphate + 0.5% triethanolamine (uhlobo 9.0-10.0).
- Izinzuzo: Inani lokugqwala komhlaba ≤0.1g/m², ukuchezuka kwesicaba ngemva kokususwa kokugqwala ≤0.02mm, ilungele igiya lokuhlala emkhathini kanye nezinzwa ezinembayo.
- Amathiphu Okusebenza: Lawula izinga lokushisa ku-40-50 ℃, Isikhathi sokuntywi 30-60 imizuzu, bese ugeza ngamanzi acwebile (conductivity ≤50μS/cm) ngemva kwalokho.
I-Advanced Technologies - “Izixazululo Ezisezingeni Eliphezulu” Yezingxenye Zokunemba (I-Laser/Plasma)
Izimo ezisebenzayo: Izingxenye zokunemba ezinezidingo zokunemba okuphezulu ku-aerospace nama-semiconductors (E.g., izinsimbi zenjini, amasinki okushisa ama-chip).
a.1 I-Laser Cleaning Technology
- Ukukhetha imishini: Ehlahle amehlo Nd:I-laser ye-YAG (ubude be-waveleng 1064nm), amandla 100-300W.
- Amapharamitha asemqoka: Imvamisa ye-Pulse 20-50kHz, isivinini sokuskena 300-500mm/s, Ububanzi be-Spot 0.2-0.5mm.
- Izinzuzo: Ubulukhuni bendawo ngemuva kokususwa kokugqwala ra ≤0.8μm, Indawo Ethinteke Kahle ≤50μm, akukho monakalo owenziwe ngomshini.
B.2 Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza i-plasma
- Amaphuzu Enqubo: I-Argon Plasma (ubumsulwa 99.999%), vacuum degree 10⁻³-10⁻⁴pa, Amandla 150-300w, Isikhathi sokwelashwa 10-20 imizuzu.
- Umphumela: I-angle yokuxhumana engaphezulu ≤30 ° (kuthuthukisa ukunamathela okunama-coation), I-Carbon Residie ≤0.1%, Ilungele ama-seconductor aluminium substrates.
C. 5 Izixazululo Zezimboni ze-Aluminium Rust Prevention - Yima ukugqwala emthonjeni
I-anodic oxidation - “Ukukhetha kokuqala” Ukuvikelwa okujwayelekile (Ukumelana nosawoti okuqinile)
Izimo ezisebenzayo: Izingxenye ezijwayelekile ezinjengamapayipi ezimboni kanye nezingxenye zesakhiwo, Ilungele ikakhulukazi izindawo ezinomswakama.
Inqubo Emilekile Yokusebenza:
- Ukwehlisa: -Colekile (5% UNaoh, 50℃, 10 imizuzu) → Ukudonsa (10% Hno₃, Ukushisa kwegumbi, 5 imizuzu) → ukugcwala ngamanzi ane-deionized (I-CreativityμS / cm).
- Amapharamitha we-Oxidation: 18%-20% H₂SO₄, lokushisa 20-22 ℃, ukuminyana kwamanje 1.2-1.5A/dm², isikhathi 30-40 imizuzu (ubukhulu befilimu 15-20μm).
- Ukwelapha Ukuvalwa: Gcoba ku 5% isixazululo se-nickel acetate (85℃, 20 imizuzu), amanzi abilayo ukwehla kwesisindo ≤30mg/dm² (ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kokuvala).
- Inkomba yokusebenza: Ukumelana nokungathathi hlangothi kwesifutho sikasawoti ≥1000 amahora (GB / t 10125), ilungele ukuvikelwa okujwayelekile kwangaphakathi nangaphandle.
I-Powder Coating - “Okukhethekile” Okwezindawo Zangaphandle/Ezidlayo (Ukumelana Nesimo Sezulu Okuhle Kakhulu)
Izimo ezisebenzayo: Izivalo zemishini yangaphandle, izinto ze-aluminium zokuhamba ngesitimela, kanye nezingxenye zeshabhu yamakhemikhali.
Amaphuzu Enqubo:
- Ukukhetha Powder: I-polyester-epoxy powder (Tg ≥50℃, amandla omthelela ≥50kg・cm, anti-impact kanye ne-anti-peeling).
- Ukufafaza Amapharamitha: I-electrostatic voltage 60-80kV, izinga lokugeleza kwempushana 50-80g/min, ingcindezi ye-atomization 0.3-0.5MPa.
- Izimo Zokwelapha: Bhaka ku-180-200 ℃ ukuze 20-25 imizuzu (i-crosslinking degree ≥90%).
- Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko: Ubukhulu be-coating 60-80μm, ukunamathela (ukuhlolwa kwe-cross-cut) ≤Ibanga 1, ukumelana nesifutho sikasawoti ≥2000 amahora, ukuguga kwe-anti-ultraviolet.
I-Chromium-Free Passivation – “Ukukhetha Okusha” okwenzelwe i-Eco-Friendly Pretreatment (Ingena esikhundleni seChromate Yendabuko)
Izimo ezisebenzayo: Izinto ze-Aluminium zemishini yokudla kanye nemishini yezokwelapha (enezidingo eziphezulu zemvelo), noma ukwehlisa ukwenziwa ngaphambi kokuhlanganisa.
Inqubo Eyinhloko:
- Passivation Solution Formula: 5%-8% i-hydrofluozirconic acid + 2% i-zirconium nitrate, uhlobo 3.0-4.0, lokushisa 25-30 ℃.
- Izinyathelo Zokusebenza: Cwilisa ukuze 5-8 imizuzu ukwakha ifilimu ye-passivation engu-50-100nm.
- Ukwenza: Ukumelana nokungathathi hlangothi kwesifutho sikasawoti ≥240 amahora, ukunamathela enamathela ngcono by 30%, ehambisana namazinga emvelo e-RoHS.
Uhlelo Lokulungisa Okuvamile - “Ukhiye” Ukunweba Impilo Yokuvikela (Ihlukaniswe ngohlobo lwengxenye)
Imijikelezo yesondlo iyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezingxenye zezimboni ezahlukene. Ukunakekelwa okungaboni kwandisa izindleko; uhlelo olunembayo luqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle:
| Uhlobo Lwengxenye | Umjikelezo Wokuhlola | Okuqukethwe Kwesondlo | Indlela yokuthola (Ilula futhi Kulula Ukuyisebenzisa) |
| I-Chemical Equipment Aluminium | 1 inyanga | Ukugqwala komhlaba, enamathela ubuqotho | Ukuhlolwa Okubonakalayo + i-coating gauge ukujiya (ukukala ukujiya) |
| Izingxenye ze-Aerospace | 500 amahora endiza | I-Stress corrosion cracking, ukujula komgodi | Ukuhlolwa kwamanje kwe-Eddy + ukuhlola ukungena (ukuhlola imifantu) |
| I-Rail Transit Aluminium | 3 izinyanga | Ukugqwala kwesifutho sikasawoti, ubuqotho be-weld | Ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic + usawoti spray test paper (ukukala ukugqwala) |
| I-General Mechanical Aluminium | 2 izinyanga | Ukulimala kwefilimu ye-oxide, ukugqwala kwegebe | Ukuhlolwa Okubonakalayo + ukusula utshwala (ukuhlola ukunamathela) |
Ukulawulwa Kwemvelo - Nciphisa “Iziqalisi zomthombo” kweRust (Izindleko eziphansi, Ukubuya Okuphezulu)
- Ukulawula Umswakama: Gcina umswakama ohlobene ≤65% kumaworkshop wezimboni. Hlomisa ama-dehumidifiers ezindaweni ezishisayo nezinomswakama (indawo yamazolo ≤15℃) ukugwema ukujiya komswakama.
- I-Corrosive Medium Control: Lawula ukugxilisa kwe-Cl⁻ ≤50mg/m³, futhi usebenzise i-activated carbon adsorption + amasistimu wokumunca isifutho (kubalulekile kumaworkshops amakhemikhali).
- I-Galvanic Corrosion Protection: Faka ama-polyimide insulation gaskets ezindaweni zokuxhuma i-aluminium-steel. Lungisa izigqoko ezilimele ngopende ofanayo ngaphakathi 24 amahora (ukuvimbela ukwanda).
I-D.FAQ Mayelana Nokwelashwa Kwe-Aluminium Yezimboni - Izimpendulo Kokuphezulu Kwakho 10 Izinkathazo
- Qhakaziza: Ukuvimbela ukugqwala kudinga ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kangaki ngemva kokwelashwa kokugqwala kwe-aluminium yezimboni?
A: Ezimweni ezijwayelekile (E.g., amaworkshops emishini), zonke 1-2 iminyaka; ezindaweni ezonakalisayo (E.g., izitshalo zamakhemikhali, izindawo ezisogwini), zonke 6-12 izinyanga; ezindaweni zokuchayeka ngaphandle, ukuhlolwa Kunconywa njalo 6 izinyanga.
- Qhakaziza: Ingabe i-sandblasting ingase isetshenziselwe ukugqwala ezingxenyeni eziqondile ze-aluminium alloy (E.g., izinzwa)?
A: Akunconyiwe! Ukuqhunyiswa kwesihlabathi kulimaza ukunemba. Ukuhlanza kwe-ultrasonic (25-40kHz) noma ukuhlanza laser (I-Ra ≤0.8μm) Kunconywa.
- Qhakaziza: Ingabe ukususwa kokugqwala okune-asidi kuzogqwalisa i-substrate ye-aluminium?
A: -Nokuba, uma i-inhibitor ingeziwe! Ama-inhibitors afana ne-thiourea ne-urotropine angakwazi ukulawula izinga lokugqwala ngaphakathi kwe-0.5g/(m ²²²).
- Qhakaziza: Okunomphumela ongcono wokuvimbela ukugqwala: i-chromium-free passivation noma i-anodic oxidation?
A: Amafilimu e-anodic oxidation ashubile (15-20μm) ngokumelana nesifutho sikasawoti ≥1000 amahora; amafilimu angenayo i-chromium mancane (50-100nye), ilungele ukwelashwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi idinga ukusetshenziswa nama-coatings.
- Qhakaziza: Indlela yokulahla imfucumfucu ye-aluminium yezimboni? Ingabe ingasetshenziswa kabusha?
A: Yebo, ingagaywa kabusha! Iqoqe bese uyinikezela ezikhungweni ezingochwepheshe ukuze incibilikiswe futhi igaywe kabusha (izinga lokutakula ≥90%). Izingxenye ezingaphinde zisetshenziswe kabusha kufanele zilahlwe ngokuhambisana nemithethonqubo yemfucuza eqinile yezimboni.
- Qhakaziza: Isiphi isisombululo sokuvimbela ukugqwala esifanele izinto ze-aluminium ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu (E.g., amaziko ezimboni)?
A: Izembatho ezenziwe nge-ceramic (ukumelana nokushisa ≥800℃) noma i-anodic oxidation enezinga lokushisa eliphezulu (ubukhulu befilimu 20-30μm, ukumelana nokushisa 300 ℃) kunconywa.
- Qhakaziza: Yibuphi ubuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle kakhulu ekwelapheni ukugqwala kwe-batch aluminium?
A: Ukukhipha ukugqwala kwamakhemikhali ane-asidi yikona okuphumelela kakhulu, ekwazi ukucubungula amakhulu ezingxenye ezincane ngehora, efanelekayo fasteners, amasinki okushisa, njll.
- Qhakaziza: Yiziphi izinto zokuvikela ezidingwa abaqhubi ngesikhathi sokususwa kokugqwala?
A: Ukususwa kokugqwala kwamakhemikhali: izingubo zokuzivikela ezimelana ne-asidi (imelana ne-≥30% HCl) + izibuko zamakhemikhali; ukususwa kokugqwala ngokomzimba: Imaski yothuli engu-N95 + ama-earmuffs asusa umsindo.
- Qhakaziza: I-aluminium alloy welds ijwayele ukugqwala - ukuthi ungakuvimbela kanjani lokhu?
A: Ngemva kokushisela, susa ifilimu ye-oxide nge 10% i-nitric acid pickling, bese wenza i-passivation engenayo i-chromium, futhi ekugcineni ufake upende othize we-weld anti-rust (E.g., upende we-epoxy zinc ocebile).
- Qhakaziza: Ngezindleko ezilinganiselwe, iyiphi indlela okufanele ikhethelwe ukugqwala kwe-aluminium okuphakathi ukuya kokumaphakathi?
A: Beka phambili ukugaya ngomshini (\(0.75-\)1.5 ngemitha yesikwele), kulandelwa i-citric acid yokuhlanza i-ultrasonic (ilungele ukugqwala kwegebe) - izindleko eziphansi futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa.
Isiphetho: “Umhlahlandlela Wokukhetha” yokwelashwa kwe-Industrial Aluminium Rust (Ukufaniswa Okusheshayo Kwezixazululo)
| Ubulukhuni bokugqwala | Uhlobo Lwengxenye | Ubuchwepheshe obunconyiwe | Izinzuzo | Khokhisa (ngemitha yesikwele) |
| -Pholile | General Mechanical Izingxenye | Ukugaya Ngomshini | Ukusebenza okulula, akukho mishini yobuchwepheshe edingekayo | \(0.75-\)1.5 |
| -Ngeqile | Amapayipi, Amasinki Okushisa | Ultrasonic Cleaning | Akukho monakalo, ilungele ukugqwala kwegebe | \(1.5-\)2.25 |
| -Khulu | Amathangi wokugcina, Izakhi zezinhlelo | Ukususwa kwe-Sandblasting | Ukususwa kokugqwala okuphelele, efanelekayo pre-enamathela | \(2.25-\)3.75 |
| Izingxenye Zokunemba | Izingxenye ze-Aerospace | Ukuhlanza i-Laser/Plasma | Ukunemba okuphezulu, akukho monakalo owenziwe ngomshini | \(7.5-\)15 |
| Iqoqo Izingxenye Ezincane | Ama-Fasteners, Izingxenye ze-Electronic | Ukususwa kwe-Acidic Chemical Rust | Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, izindleko eziphansi | \(1.2-\)1.8 |